This marked the formation of new anti-royal and pro-royal factions in Polish politics. Stanisław August Poniatowski (born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski, 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798), known by his regal title Stanislaus II Augustus, was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1764 to 1795, and the last monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the same time, several other reforms were passed. [18] In the event, there were no other serious contenders, and during the convocation sejm on 7 September 1764, 32-year-old Poniatowski was elected king, with 5,584 votes. The reforms were dropped, and Catherine then interfered in Poland even further by pressing for full rights for non-Catholic religious dissenters. [18][19][20] He swore the pacta conventa on 13 November,[17] and a formal coronation took place in Warsaw on 25 November. [84][85] His retinue of sculptors, headed by André Lebrun, included Giacomo Monaldi, Franz Pinck, and Tommaso Righi. [30] During the Partition Sejm of 1773–1775, in which Russia was represented by ambassador Otto von Stackelberg, with no allied assistance forthcoming from abroad and with the armies of the partitioning powers occupying Warsaw to compel the Sejm by force of arms, no alternative was available save submission to their will. [43][44][45][46] The Constitution introduced sweeping reforms. These reforms were opposed by some Polish nobles and by Catherine, who threatened to have him deposed. married Walenty Sobolewski; had three daughters. Stanisławów - Kresy. [68] He is discussed in Luise Mühlbach's novel Joseph II and His Court,[97] and appears in Jane Porter's 1803 novel, Thaddeus of Warsaw. 17 stycznia 1732 w Wołczynie, zm. In his youth, he had loved his cousin Elżbieta Czartoryska, but her father August Aleksander Czartoryski disapproved because he did not think him influential or rich enough. [81] He also supported publishers including, Piotr Świtkowski, and library owners such as Józef Lex. [10] The following year he received the title of Stolnik of Lithuania. Zgromadzona tam szlachta, w obecności wojsk rosyjskich, wybrała na nowego władcę Polski Stanisława Poniatowskiego. Jakie mogą być skutki ewentualnego zwycięstwa Joe Bidena w wyborach w USA? [84][85] According to a 1795 inventory, Stanisław August's art collection, spread among numerous buildings, contained 2,889 pieces, including works by Rembrandt, Rubens, and van Dyck. [6][9], He spent the first few years of his childhood in Gdańsk. [75] Paul I sponsored a royal state funeral, and on 3 March he was buried at the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. The defining crisis of his early reign was the War of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772) that led to the First Partition of Poland (1772). The Zamoyski Code was rejected by the Sejm of 1780, and opposition attacks on the King dominated the Sejms of 1782 and 1786. A new civil and criminal code (provisionally called the "Stanisław Augustus Code") was among the proposals. [78][79] His weekly "Thursday Dinners" were considered the most scintillating social functions in the Polish capital. [75] In 1990, due to the poor state of the Wołczyn church (then in the Byelorussian SSR), his body was once more exhumed and was brought to Poland, to St. John's Cathedral in Warsaw, where on 3 May 1791 he had celebrated the adoption of the Constitution that he had coauthored. Urząd Gminy Stanisławów ul. [6] He was initially educated by his mother, then by private tutors, including Russian ambassador Herman Karl von Keyserling. [11][14], In Saint Petersburg, Williams introduced Poniatowski to the 26-year-old Catherine Alexeievna, the future empress Catherine the Great. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "[93] Still, according to many, his reforms did not go far enough, leading to accusations that he was being overly cautious, even indecisive, a fault to which he himself admitted. [17][20] This uneasy alliance between Poniatowski and the Familia continued for most of the first decade of his rule. [33][34][35] Eventually Poniatowski and the Sejm acceded to the "partition treaty". [23][24] Together with the Familia he tried to reform the ineffective system of government, by reducing the powers of the hetmans (Commonwealth's top military commanders) and treasurers, moving them to commissions elected by the Sejm and accountable to the King. Tajemnicą nie jest też znaczenie tego romansu dla objęcia tronu przez „króla Stasia”. [68], The English translation of the Polish text of the 1791 Constitution gives his title as Stanisław August, by the grace of God and the will of the people, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Duke of Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlasie, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and Chernihiv. 22 (11th ed.). [6], The following year Poniatowski was apprenticed to the office of Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski, the then Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania. [22] He founded the Knights School, and began to form a diplomatic service, with semi-permanent diplomatic representatives throughout Europe, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Stanisław II August (King of Poland) Publisher J.C. Żupański, 1862 Collection americana Digitizing sponsor Google Book from the collections of Harvard University Language French. [25] He was opposed by conservatives such as Michał Wielhorski, who were supported by the Prussian and Russian ambassadors and who threatened war if the reform was passed. His two older and married sisters were Ludwika Zamoyska (1728–1804) and Izabella Branicka (1730–1808). [10] There he was befriended by Charles Yorke, the future Lord Chancellor of Great Britain. From within he was opposed by conservative interests, which saw the reforms as a threat to their traditional liberties and privileges granted centuries earlier. [16] In August 1763, however, Catherine advised him and the Familia that she would not support a coup as long as King Augustus was alive. Despotyczna imperatorowa żałowała, że poświeciła tyle carskich rubli dla pozyskania uległego sojusznika w Rzeczpospolitej. and Aleksander Poniatowski (1725–1744), an officer killed in the Rhineland-Palatinate during the War of the Austrian Succession. The National Library of Poland acts as the central library of the country and is one of the most important cultural institutions in Poland. [51] The pro-Prussian shift was not supported by Poniatowski, who nevertheless acceded to the decision of the majority of Sejm deputies. He supported the creation of the Commission of National Education, considered to be the world's first Ministry of Education. [75] This was done in secret and caused controversy in Poland when the matter became known. [65] Neither were the Targowica Confederates victorious. The comprehensive microfilm edition of his papers, 1730-1816. [11][12], Poniatowski owed his rise and influence to his family connections with the powerful Czartoryski family and their political faction, known as the Familia, with whom he had grown close. That’s the good news. [105], A few historians believe that he later contracted a secret marriage with Elżbieta Szydłowska. [22] Catherine had no wish to see Poniatowski's reform succeed. Dane z jego strony opisu znajdują się poniżej. On his return journey he stopped in Dresden. [75], King Stanisław Augustus remains a controversial figure. The first two partitions affected only the East Slav…. He had several notable lovers, including Elżbieta Branicka, who acted as his political adviser and financier,[107] and had children with two of them. [30][31] In view of the continuing weakness of the Polish-Lithuanian state, Austria, Russia, and Prussia collaborated to threaten military intervention in exchange for substantial territorial concessions from the Commonwealth – a decision they made without consulting Poniatowski or any other Polish parties. As a result, Stanisław lost all stable support. 12 lutego 1798 w Petersburgu) – król Polski w latach 1764–1795, ostatni władca Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. [52] Russia's wars with the Ottomans and Sweden having ended, Catherine was furious over the adoption of the Constitution, which threatened Russian influence in Poland. Updates? [39], In the 1780s, Catherine appeared to favour Poniatowski marginally over the opposition, but she did not support any of his plans for significant reform. In 1709, Charles suffered a defeat from the Russians at the Battle of Poltava, and was subsequently driven into exile in the Ottoman Empire. [104] The ceremonial role of queen and hostess of his court was played by his favourite niece, Urszula Zamoyska. [17] One of the points of contention between Poniatowski and the Familia concerned the rights of religious minorities in Poland. [23] Thus, although he had a majority in the Sejms, Poniatowski was unable to pass even the smallest reform. [80][89] In 1765 he helped found the Monitor, one of the first Polish newspapers and the leading periodical of the Polish Enlightenment. Stanisław Likiernik (ur. Fighting back, he succeeded in strengthening his position and achieved a full reform of Polish education. [52] In the end, the numerical superiority of the Russians was too great, and defeat looked inevitable. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Stanisław Józef Zygmunt Żeromski urodził się 17 lipca 1920 r. w miejscowości Ossowce w powiecie buczackim, w województwie tarnopolskim (rodzice Stefan - właściciel kuźni - i Michalina z domu Adam). [75], Stanisław August Poniatowski has been called the Polish Enlightenment's most important patron of the arts. [71], Poniatowski died of a stroke on 12 February 1798. [64] Poniatowski had not saved the Commonwealth, however. [30], Although Poniatowski protested against the First Partition of the Commonwealth (1772), he was powerless to do anything about it. Petersburg. Encyclopædia Britannica. Its mission is to protect national heritage preserved in the form of handwritten, printed, electronic, recorded sound and audiovisual documents. [98][99], On screen he has been played by Wieńczysław Gliński in the 1976 3 Maja directed by Grzegorz Królikiewicz. [71] Despite financial troubles, he still supported some of his former allies, and continued to try to represent the Polish cause at the Russian court. [25] The dissidents, supported by the Russians, formed the Radom Confederation. Stanisław II August, King of Poland, 1732-1798. Most of the paintings that he had ordered for it can now be seen in London's Dulwich Picture Gallery. Ostatni król Polski. Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb. Reportedly, his sister, Ludwika Maria Zamoyska and her daughter also his favourite niece, Urszula Zamoyska, who had been threatened with confiscation of their property, had contributed to persuading him to sign the abdication: they feared that his refusal would lead to a Russian confiscation of their properties and their ruin. [10] By late August he had arrived in Paris, where he moved among the elites. Among his nephews was Prince Józef Poniatowski (1763–1813), son of Andrzej.